Evidence Level
Moderate
Creatine's cognitive benefits are increasingly well-documented. Rae et al. (2003) showed significant cognitive improvements in vegetarians after 6 weeks of supplementation. McMorris et al. (2006) demonstrated resilience against sleep deprivation-induced cognitive decline. Avgerinos et al. (2018) conducted a systematic review of 6 studies and concluded that creatine supplementation improves short-term memory and reasoning, with greater benefits under stressful conditions. The safety profile of creatine monohydrate is among the most well-established in the supplement industry, with decades of research and no serious adverse effects.