Evidence Level
Moderate
The cardiovascular role of vitamin K2 has been established through epidemiological and interventional studies. Geleijnse et al. (2004) reported the landmark Rotterdam Study finding that high K2 intake reduced coronary heart disease mortality by 57%. Knapen et al. (2015) provided interventional evidence that MK-7 supplementation improves arterial stiffness over 3 years. For nattokinase, Kurosawa et al. (2015) demonstrated fibrinolytic and anticoagulant effects in a well-designed RCT. The key distinction is that K2 addresses calcification (long-term structural protection) while nattokinase addresses clot dynamics (blood flow). Both components are complementary for comprehensive arterial health.